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Wax cylinders were the earliest, commercially available, sound recording and sound playback format. They were invented by Thomas Edison in 1877 and later commercialised in 1888. 

The cylinders were recorded by talking, singing or playing an instrument into the wide end of a horn, with a diaphragm and needle attached to the other. The diaphragm vibrates with the sound waves, causing the needle to wiggle. The wiggling needle cuts grooves on a rotating blank wax cylinder to capture the sound waves. 

“New Jersey.—Professor Edison exhibiting the phonograph to visitors, at his laboratory, Menlo Park.” From Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 30 March 1878, page 68.
Original source: “New Jersey.—Professor Edison exhibiting the phonograph to visitors, at his laboratory, Menlo Park.” From Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 30 March 1878, page 68. New source: Using the illustration within the following book The Untold story of the talking book, Matthew Rubery, Harvard Press, 2016. 

By 1897 the ‘Edison Home Phonograph’, the machine used to record and play the cylinders, was advertised for 15 pounds in the local Adelaide newspaper - The Advertiser. The cost of 15 pounds was equivalent to three months' average earnings at the time. In today’s money, it would be $2,584, which is quite a significant sum even for today. 

Edison home phonograph, advert in The Advertiser. Trove, NLA.

'Edison’s “Home” phonograph - A complete machine for 15 pounds', advert in The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931), Thu 28 Oct 1897, page 2. Trove, National Library of Australia.

An Edison Fireside Phonograph (combination type), Model A, serial number 21970. SLSA: D 8827/2/(Misc)

An Edison Fireside Phonograph (combination type), Model A, serial number 21970. Produced between 1911 and 1912, comprising wooden cabinet; rounded top cover secured by end clips; polygonal straight horn in maroon with gilt decoration; rubber tube connecting horn to phonograph; and two-part metal rods and chain for suspending the horn. SLSA: D 8827/2(Misc) 

Edison’s “Home” phonograph. A complete machin for 15 pounds. The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931) Thu 28 Oct 1897 Page 2 Advertising Special sale - talking machines: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/73216805 TROVE, NLA - The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931) Tue 7 Feb 1899 Page 1 Advertising

'Special sale - talking machines', advert in The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931) Tue 7 Feb 1899, page 1. Trove, National Library of Australia.

Edison home phonograph, advert in The Advertiser. Trove, NLA.
An Edison Fireside Phonograph (combination type), Model A, serial number 21970. SLSA: D 8827/2/(Misc)
Edison’s “Home” phonograph. A complete machin for 15 pounds. The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931) Thu 28 Oct 1897 Page 2 Advertising Special sale - talking machines: https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/73216805 TROVE, NLA - The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931) Tue 7 Feb 1899 Page 1 Advertising

This cylinder featured below is the oldest South Australian audio recording we hold in the State Library collection.

The oldest South Australian wax cylinder recording. SLSA: PRG 1740/1/1
The oldest South Australian recording on a wax cylinder. SLSA: PRG 1740/1/1.

It was recorded on 7 January 1901 and features Thomas James Mitchell who recorded a spoken message to his family. The recording is extremely scratchy and very faint, making it quite hard to hear exactly what the recording is, but if you listen closely, you can hear Mitchell's voice:

 

In 2019 the descendants of Thomas Mitchell donated to the State Library several cylinders of original recordings made by him and his family, as well as some commercially recorded cylinders of popular music of the time. 

Thomas Mitchell's family at Eldina, Jamestown. SLSA: PRG 1610/11/63.
Photograph of two men and three women sitting outside a stone house, unidentified as 'Thomas Mitchell's family, Eldina, Jamestown'. SLSA: PRG 1610/11/63

We are lucky enough to have on loan the actual cylinder recorder used to record these cylinders owned by his great-great grandson, Derek Mitchell.  

An Edison Fireside Phonograph (combination type), Model A, serial number 21970. SLSA: D 8827/11(Misc)
An Edison Fireside Phonograph (combination type), Model A, serial number 21970. SLSA: b 8827/11(Misc)

In 2019 we took the cylinders to the National Film and Sound Archive to have them digitised using their Archéophone cylinder player. 

wax cylinder digitising at the NFSA

The Thomas James Mitchell recorded message on wax cylinder in the process of being digitised.

wax cylinder digitising at the NFSA

Gerard O’Neil, from the National Film and Sound Archive, digitising the Mitchell cylinder, using an Archéophone cylinder player.

wax cylinder digitising at the NFSA

Some of the cylinders had mould, which caused playback problems.

wax cylinder digitising at the NFSA

The photo is of the National Film and Sound Archive studio.

wax cylinder digitising at the NFSA
wax cylinder digitising at the NFSA
wax cylinder digitising at the NFSA
wax cylinder digitising at the NFSA

Spoken word was difficult to record because the sound waves did not move the diaphragm on the phonograph very much. Louder singing wiggled the needle more and therefore made a much better recording like this one of Thomas Mitchell singing the hymn Rock of Ages:

 

There are also some poetry recordings on the cylinders which illustrate the way people used to speak in the early 1900’s - it’s like listening through a window to the past. The following recording is Harriet Rebekah Mitchell, Thomas Mitchell’s third wife, reciting the poem Crossing the Bar:

 

The Thomas James Mitchell collection contained quite a few commercial records which gives insight into what the family was listening to at the time, including Australian bass-baritone and songwriter, Peter Smith Dawson:

Peter Dawson featured here writing and signing a note at the Savage Club in London, 1933. SLSA: B 6018
Peter Dawson featured here writing and signing a note at the Savage Club in London, 1933. SLSA: B 6018 

Dawson was born in Adelaide during 1882 and as a child attended the East Adelaide Public School and then Pultney Grammar School. He first studied singing under the later CJ Stevens of Adelaide and then in England 1902-06 under Sir Charles Santley, London. His first phonograph recording was in 1903, followed by his first gramophone record released in 1904. A popular and prolific artist, he recorded over 2000 titles for the gramophone. Ten million recordings of his voice had been sold by 1930. 

Backgound music featured in this clip is an instrumental version of the song 'Enough' by Steve Lennox.

More to explore 

Discover more of our audio-visual treasures on the Digital collections website and the State Library's YouTube channel.

Photographs of the Edison phonograph and wax cylinders, SLSA: D 8827(Misc) 

Thomas James Mitchell is featured in this article: Australian Christian Commonwealth (SA : 1901 - 1940), Fri 23 May 1902, page 13 A Methodist Veteran.

Rubery, M 2016, The Untold story of the talking book, Harvard Press, Massachusetts